Suburbs and Recreations of the Citizens
London’s population was spreading beyond the walls. Many wealthier citizens dwelt in pleasant suburban houses surrounded by gardens and trees.…
Intellectual and Cultural Life in London
Business, pleasure, piety, and intellectual culture all had their place in London’s vigorous life. Each of the two great minsters—S. Paul’s and S.…
Norman Merchants and Fusion of Races
Under the old English system, a merchant who had made three long overseas voyages on his own account was entitled to rank as a thegn and take his place among the nobles.…
第一章
Chapter I. surveys the social and demographic composition of England under Henry I., examining successive waves of foreign settlers—Norman burghers, Flemings, and Jews—before turning to the domestic arrangements of castle and manor-house, the character of feudal land tenure, and…
Norman Burghers in London
Norman burghers exercised a dominant but legitimate influence on the city of London. Though they prospered individually, they contributed enterprise, vigour, refinement, and polit…
The Home of Gilbert Becket
A typical London citizen’s home of the early twelfth century was that of Gilbert Becket and his wife Rohesia, situated in Cheapside near S. Mary Colechurch and S. Mary-at-Bow.…
Flemish Settlers in England
Flanders, the neighbour and ally of both Normandy and England, supplied merchants to London whose trade was of greater importance than that of Rouen or Caen.…
Flemish Colony in Pembrokeshire
In 1111 Henry I. planted a colony of Flemings in South Pembrokeshire as a means of checking the turbulent Welsh.…
The original text of this work is in the public domain. This page focuses on a guided summary article, reading notes, selected quotes, and visual learning materials for educational purposes.