Hilduin’s Consecration and Fulk’s Charter
Corroborating evidence for an intermediate pilgrimage comes from a charter in the Epitome S. Nicolai, recording Fulk’s application to Abbot Walter of S.…
William of Malmesbury’s Account
The major obstacle to this chronology is William of Malmesbury, whose account of Geoffrey’s rebellion and Fulk’s last pilgrimage is fuller, self-consistent, and more graphic than…
Summary of the Four Pilgrimages
Based on the weight of evidence, the four pilgrimages are dated as follows: 1. in 1003; 2. in 1014–1015; 3. in 1034–1035; 4. in 1040.
Geoffrey Martel and Poitou
Geoffrey Martel’s career in Poitou—his wars and his marriage—is treated in a Note because the sources contradict each other so extensively.…
The War in Poitou
The War in Poitou centers on Geoffrey’s campaign against William of Aquitaine, culminating in the battle of September 1033, William’s three-year captivity, and his death upon rele…
Date of Geoffrey and Agnes’s Marriage
On the question of when Geoffrey and Agnes married, three witnesses date the marriage to 1 January 1032 (the Chronn. S. Albin. and S. Serg., and the Chron. S. Michael. in Per.…
Witnesses to the Marriage
Five writers directly mention the marriage. The three in support of a 1032 date are nearly contemporary Angevin chroniclers, though the S.…
Charter Evidence on the Marriage
Multiple charters of 1036 show Agnes already acting as Geoffrey’s wife, proving the marriage was no later than 1036. The *Gesta Cons.…
The Crime of the Marriage and Canon Law
Angevin chroniclers are uniquely horrified by the marriage, using the unusual word “incestuous,” while the two Williams merely note Geoffrey’s “impudence” in marrying a woman of s…
The original text of this work is in the public domain. This page focuses on a guided summary article, reading notes, selected quotes, and visual learning materials for educational purposes.