Revolt of the Angevin Barons
Geoffrey was called home by a fresh revolt among his own Angevin barons, led again by Robert of Sablé.…
Henry’s Return to Normandy and the Fall of the Empress
Undisputed master from the Poitevin border to the English Channel, Geoffrey sent envoys to Earl Robert asking that his son Henry might visit him.…
Topography of the Battle of Lincoln
A note addresses the puzzling topography of the Battle of Lincoln. Two principal questions arise from two conflicting sources: which way did Robert and Ralf approach the city, and…
The Approach to Lincoln
William of Malmesbury describes the army starting from Gloucester, joining Ralf on the road, and arriving at the swollen River Trent, while Henry of Huntingdon describes an “almos…
The Site of the Battle
Local tradition asserts that the battle was fought north of the city, beyond the New Port, but this is implausible: Stephen’s biographer says he went “extra civitatem obvius eis a…
第七章
CHAPTER VII. — The English Church, 1136–1149. Following the departure of the Empress Matilda, the twelve years since King Henry’s death left England in devastation, yet amid the wreck of the state the Church endured as the sole surviving institution of order.…
The Wreck of the State and the Survival of the Church
After the Empress’s departure a deceptive quiet settled over England — the stillness of exhaustion rather than of peace.…
Henry of Winchester: His Upbringing and Rise
The youngest child of Stephen-Henry (Count of Blois) and Adela, Henry had been devoted by his mother to the religious life and brought up at the great abbey of Cluny.…
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