第七章
The chapter traces the collapse of Henry of Winchester’s legatine authority following the death of Pope Innocent II, as his successor Celestine II—described as “a favourer of the Angevins”—transferred the commission to Archbishop Theobald, and even the change to Pope Lucius II l…
Henry’s Last Triumph and the Fall of His Legation
Henry of Winchester won his final political victory on the very day his patron Pope Innocent II died, being succeeded by Celestine II.…
The Religious Movement Under Stephen
With the civil war raging, the religious life of England flourished as never before. Augustinian canons directed schools and hospitals; the Black Canons, Premonstratensians (estab…
The Cistercians as Spiritual Leaders
While other orders served as the working ranks of the spiritual army, the Cistercians functioned as its sentinels, guides and commanders, providing leadership through their abbot…
The Story of S. Gilbert of Sempringham and the Gilbertine Order
Gilbert, son of a Norman landholder in Lincolnshire and an Old-English mother, ran away from school to France, repented, pursued learning zealously, and came home to open a school…
Bernard of Clairvaux and the Election of Eugene III
Bernard of Clairvaux came to wield the “care of all the churches” unbidden, so that his contemporaries regarded him as a divinely appointed Moses of whom pope and hierarchy were m…
The Preaching of the Second Crusade
The Second Crusade failed completely in its direct object, yet it may have delivered many western souls from the bondage of sin and it inspired individual Englishmen to renounce t…
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