The Independent Squadron and the Conquest of Lisbon
The Second Crusade’s one success was won by a squadron of one hundred and sixty-four ships which sailed from Dartmouth on 23 May 1147, six days before Ascension Day, carrying Germ…
第七章
CHAPTER VII. traces the intertwined ecclesiastical and political crisis in England during the late Anarchy, focusing on the struggle over the archbishopric of York, the clash between Stephen and Archbishop Theobald of Canterbury, and the broadening of the dispute into a trial of…
The need for a competent leader in England
A spontaneous muster of poor yeomen, common sailors, and obscure citizens demonstrated that the middle and lower classes of England still possessed the spirit needed to lift the c…
S. Bernard’s vision for the English Church
S. Bernard, observing the English Church through his Cistercian brethren at Fountains and Rievaux, judged that no such leader could be found in King Stephen or in Henry of Winches…
Cistercian opposition to William of York’s appointment
Acting on Bernard’s view, the whole Cistercian order in England opposed William Fitz-Herbert’s elevation to the see of York as a manoeuvre by king and legate to override the right…
Bernard on the defiance of Winchester and York
Bernard summed up the conflict in a letter to Pope Eugene III., complaining that the bishop of Winchester and the archbishop of York pursued their own course in opposition to the…
The disputed oath of William of Durham
Bernard protested to the Pope that the saving clause allowing William of Durham to swear by proxy on behalf of William Fitz-Herbert had been fraudulently interpolated into the pap…
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